Bayer FM (1954) Anthozoa: Alcyonaria . In: Galtsoff PS (ed) Gulf of Mexico: its origin, waters and marine life. Fishery Bulletin 89. p 279-284

Bayer FM (1959a) A review of the gorgonacean genus Placogorgia Studer, with a description of Placogorgia tribuloides, a new species from the Straits of Florida. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 49(2): 54-61.

Bayer FM (1959b) Octocorals from Suriname and the adjacent coasts of South America. Studies on the Fauna of Suriname and other Guyanas 3(6):1-43

Bayer FM (1961) The shallow-water Octocorallia of the West Indian region. A manual for marine biologists. Studies on the Fauna of Curaçao and other Caribbean Islands 12:1-373

Bayer FM (1981a) Key to the genera of Octocorallia exclusive of Pennatulacea (Coelenterata: Anthozoa), with diagnoses of new taxa. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 94:902-947

Bayer FM (1981b) On some genera of stoloniferous octocorals (Coelenterata: Anthozoa), with descriptions of new taxa. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 94:878-901

Bayer FM, Grasshoff M, Verseveldt J (1983) Illustrated Trilingual Glossary of Morphological and Anatomical Terms Applied to Octocorallia. E.J. Brill/Dr. W. Backhuys, Leiden

Cairns, Stephen (1977) Guide to the commoner shallow-water gorgonians (sea whips, sea feathers, and sea fans) of Florida, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Caribbean region. University of Miami, Miami, Florida.1-74

Daly, M, Brugler, M.R., Cartwright, P., Collins, A.G., Dawson, M.N., Fautin, D.G., France, S.C., McFadden, C.S., Opresko, M.N., Rodriguez, E., Romano, S.L., Stake, J.L.(2007) The phylum Cnidaria: a review of phylogenetic patterns and diversity 300 years after Linnaeus. In: Zhang, Z.-Q. & Shear, W.A. (Eds.) Linnaeus Tercentenary: Progress in Invertebrate Taxonomy. Zootaxa 1668, 1–766.

Deichmann, E (1936) The Alcyonaria of the western part of the Atlantic Ocean. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 53:1-317 + 37pls

Fabricus, K and Alderslade, P. (2001) Soft corals and sea fans. A comprehensive guide to the shallow-water genera of the central-west Pacific, the Indian Ocean and the Red Sea. Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville. 264 pp.

Grasshoff M (1988) The genus Leptogorgia (Octocorallia: Gorgoniidae) in west Africa. Atlantide Report: Scientific Results of the Danish Expedition to the Coasts of Tropical West Africa 1945-1946 14:91-147.

McFadden, C.S., France, S.C, Sanchez, J.A. & Alderslade, P. (2006) A molecular phylogenetic analysis of the Octocorallia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) based on mitochondrial protein coding sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 41, 513–527.

Utinomi H (1961) A revision of the nomenclature of the family Nephtheidae (Octocorallia: Alcyonacea): II. The Boreal genera Gersemia, Duva, Drifa and Pseudodrifa (n.g.). Publications of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory 9:229-246

Verseveldt J (1978) On some Telestacea and Alcyonacea (Coelenterata: Octocorallia) from the West Indian region. Zoologische Mededelingen (Leiden) 53:41-47

Verseveldt J, Bayer FM (1988) Revision of the genera Bellonella, Eleutherobia, Nidalia, and Nidaliopsis (Octocorallia: Alcyoniidae and Nidaliidae), with descriptions of two new genera. Zoologische Verhandelingen 245:1-131

Williams GC (1995) Living genera of sea pens (Coelenterata: Octocorallia: Pennatulacea): Illustrated key and synopses. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 113:93-140

Williams GC (2001) California Academy of Sciences Octocoral Research Center. Octocoral Classification (Higher Taxa) web page. http://www.calacademy.org/research/izg/OCTOHT.htm Accessed 2006 Nov. 29.